Quantum Physics:

Quantum mechanic or quantum physics introduction:

Quantum Physics:

Quantum mechanic or quantum physics introduction:

Quantum physics has a mystique of being complicated and hard to understand in fact Richard Fineman who won the Nobel Prize for his work on quantum electrodynamics said if you think you understand.

quantum physics you don't understand quantum physics which is kind of disheartening for us because if he didn't understand it what chance do the rest of us have fortunately this quotes a little misleading we do in fact, understand quantum physics really well in fact it's arguably the most successful scientific theory out there and is let us invent technologies like computers, digital cameras, LED, screens lasers, nuclear power plants.

you know you don't really want to build a nuclear power plant if you don't really understand how it works so quantum physics is the part of physics that describes the very smallest things in our universe molecules atoms subatomic particles things like that and things down there don't quite work the same way that we used to up here this is fascinating because you and everything around you is made from quantum physics and so this is really.

How the whole universe is actually working I've drawn these protons neutrons and electrons as particles but in quantum mechanics, we'd really describe everything as waves by the way I'm using quantum physics and quantum mechanics interchangeably they're the same thing so instead of an electron looking like this it should look something like this is called a wave function.

But this wave function isn't a real physical wave like a wave of water or a sound wave the quantum wave is an abstract mathematical description to get the real-world properties like the position or momentum of an electron we have to do mathematical operations on this wave function so for the position we take the amplitude and square it which for this wave would look something like this.

This gives us a thing called a probability distribution which tells us that you're more likely to find the electron here than here and when we actually measure where the electron is an electron particle pops up somewhere within this area so with quantum physics we don't know anything with infinite detail we can only predict probabilities that things will happen and it looks like this is a fundamental feature of the universe which was quite a departure from the clockwork deterministic universe in classical physics the kind of thing Newton derived this wave function model predicts what subatomic particles will do incredibly well but weirdly we've got no idea if this wave function is literally real or not no one's ever seen a quantum wave because whenever we measure an electron all we ever see is a point light electron particle stares like this a hidden quantum realm where the waves exist and then the world we can see which is where all the waves have turned into particles and the barrier between these is a measurement we say that a measurement collapses the wave function.

But we don't actually have any physics to describe how the wave collapses this is a gap in our knowledge that we've dubbed the measurement problem and this is one of the things that Fineman was referring to with his quote another confusing thing is how exactly to picture an electron it seems to be a wave until you measure it and then it's a particle so what actually is it this is known as particle-wave duality.

Here's an EXAMPLE of its inaction the famous DOUBLE SLIT EXPERIMENT imagines spraying a paintball gun at a wall with two openings in it. You’d expect to see two columns of paint go through and hit the wall behind but if you shrink this all down to the size of electrons. You see something quite different. You can fire one electron at a time out the slits and they appear on the back wall but as they build up over time. you get a whole pattern of stripes instead of just two bands this pattern of stripes is called an interference pattern something you only see with waves.

The idea is that it's the electron wave that goes through both slits at the same time and then the waves from each slit overlap with each other. Where the waves add together you've got a high probability of the electron popping up at the wall for where the waves cancel out the probability is very low. So actually on the back wall, the highest probability of finding the electron is in the middle of the slits and then it goes down and then up again and down and up again and this is the interference pattern. So when you fire one electron after another they follow this probability distribution and this interference pattern starts building up and that's exactly what we see in experiments. so this shows that electrons behave like waves in this experiment. the question is what actually happens to this spread our electron wave when you do a measurement it seems like it goes from this spread out wave to this localized particle but like I said there's nothing in quantum mechanics that tells us how the wave function collapses and this is not only true for electrons but everything in the universe. So this double-slit experiment has huge consequences for our model of the universe. it was very surprising the first time it was done physicists are still grappling with this question today and have come up with many interpretations of quantum mechanics to try and explain these results and explain how reality actually works okay let's go back to the wave function. We can now use this picture to explain other features of quantum physics that you may have heard about so this is just one possible wave function for an electron but there are many others like this one for instance. This says that the electron has a probability of being over here and the probability of being over here and very little probability of being in the middle.

This is perfectly allowable in quantum physics has a mystique of being and this is where the phrase things can be in two places at once comes from this is known as superposition which comes from the fact that this wave can be made by adding or superimposing these two waves the word superposition just means the adding together of waves and we already saw this in the double-slit experiment.

It's not really a very special phenomenon you can even see superposition by dropping two pebbles into a pond where the ripples overlap now for entanglement let's say two-electron waves meet their waves that interfere with each other. They become mixed up this means that mathematically we now have one wave function that describes everything about both electrons and they're inextricable linked even if they move far away from each other.

A measurement on one of the particles like measuring if it's spin up or down is now correlated with a measurement on the other even if they move billions of miles away Einstein was very uncomfortable with this idea because if you measure one of the particles here you instantaneously know what the other will be even if it's billions of miles away and that's got a sort of whiff of faster-than-light communication which is not allowed by the theory of relativity but it turns out.

you can't actually use this to communicate information because the measurements give you random results but the fact that they are correlated means that somehow there is a link that stretches over that distance this is called nonlocality quantum OR tunneling quantum.

Tunneling is where particles have a probability of moving through barriers essentially allowing things like electrons to pass through walls when a wave function meets a barrier. it decays exponentially inside the barrier but if the barrier is narrow enough the wave function will still exist on the other side meaning that there's a probability of the particle being found there.

when a measurement is made in fact the only reason you're alive is because of quantum tunneling in the Sun which makes the sunshine protons normally repel each other but they've got a small probability of quantum tunneling into each other which is what turns hydrogen into helium and releases fusion energy all life exists on earth because of energy from the Sun except for life around hydrothermal vents now on to the HEISENBERG UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE.

I said at the beginning that this wave function contains all of the information like the position and momentum of the electron we just have to do some math’s on it. The position is given by the amplitude or height of the wave and the momentum is given by the wavelength of the wave but for this specific wave, the position gives us a probability distribution. So we don't know exactly where the electron is also there's an uncertainty in the momentum because this wave is made of many different wavelengths but we can reduce that uncertainty let's have a waiver that only has one wavelength. So a sinewave now we know the momentum exactly because the wavelength is a single value but looks at the position there's an equal probability of the electron being found anywhere in the universe.

The opposite let's make a wave that has only one position now we know exactly where the electron is but what's the wavelength of this wave now the wavelength is very uncertain basically, only a sine wave gives you a precise momentum. It isn't a perfect sine wave that has to build out of multiple different sine waves in each of those multiple different sine waves that have got a different wavelength.

Hence you have a range of the possible different values of momentum for the particle, this is HEISENBERG'S UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE. You can only know certain things precisely but not everything either you've got a definite value of momentum. You don't know anything about the position or you know the position very well but don't know anything about the momentum or you're in some intermediate state and this isn't a limit of our measuring apparatus this is a fundamental property of the universe and finally where does the name quantum come from well a Quanta is a packet of something like a chunk of something.

One of the first quantum effects people saw was atomic spectra which is where atoms give off light with specific discrete energies it works like this image a string that's tied at both ends like a guitar string. If you pluck it only certain waves can exist because the ends are tied down in this situation. We say that the wavelengths are quantized to certain values the same thing happens.

If you tie the ends of the string together because the waves have to match up they can only vibrate in certain restricted ways and this is what's happening to an electron in an atom the electron wave is constrained by the atom and quantized to certain wavelengths short wavelengths have got high energy and long wavelengths of lower energy.

This is why the light emitted by an atom looks like a bar code because each bar of light corresponds to an electron jumping from a wave with high energy to one with lower energy and at the same time emitting a quantized photon of light. When it does this so the light from an atom is quantized into discrete packets of energy.

So that's all the basics of quantum physics here are some technical notes which aren't essential to know but pause the screen now if you're interested in a little bit more mathematical detail so to round up in quantum physics objects are described with wave functions but when we measure them what we see a particle so this leads to particle-wave duality and also the measurement problem.

The consequence of these wave functions is the quantum phenomena of superposition entanglement quantum tunneling the HEISENBERG UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE and energy quantization. So if you understand these things you've got a good basic understanding of quantum physics despite its reputation.

I think that quantum mechanics isn't too difficult for most people to get the basics of what's going on in the past, I've relied on analogies to try and explain it but here I've just described what's actually going on which I think might be more helpful.

But if you've got more questions I'll be in the comments below so ask away for me the weird thing about quantum physics is that on the one hand it's incredibly accurate and predictive but also it's got giant holes in it like theme assortment problem which we just don't understand. So we can wonder will we ever actually understand quantum physics or is it just too abstract for our human brains to comprehend well I hope this post has helped you understand a little bit more about how quantum physics works and thanks to the sponsor of this video brilliant org who have just launched their daily problems which you can dip into if you've got a spare five minute search day each problem teaches you some interesting facts that you can then use to solve the problem

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